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Stereotypes about sexuality in old age: a gender analysis[1]
Jorge García- Villanueva[2]
Universidad Pedagógica Nacional, México
E-mail: jvillanueva@upn.mx
Gabriela de Jesús Jiménez- Delgadillo[3]
Universidad Pedagógica Nacional, México
E-mail: a_cursocd15_gjimenez@g.upn.mx
Claudia Ivonne Hernández -Ramírez[4]
Universidad Pedagógica Nacional, México
E-mail: cihernandez@upn.mx
Para citar este artículo /To reference this article /Para citar este artigo
García-Villanueva, J., Jiménez-Delgadillo, G. & Hernández-Ramírez, C. (2020). Estereotipos sobre la sexualidad en la adultez mayor: un análisis desde la perspectiva de género. Revista Electrónica en Educación y Pedagogía, 4(7), pp-pp.27-38 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15658/rev.electron.educ.pedagog19.09030502
Received: : November 29, 2018 / Reviewed: April 15, 2019 / Accepted: August 18, 2019
Resumen: El objetivo de la investigación consistió en analizar los estereotipos en torno a la sexualidad en la adultez mayor de un grupo de egresados de la Licenciatura en Psicología Educativa de una universidad pública de la Ciudad de México. Se empleó una metodología cualitativa con un enfoque comprensivo-interpretativo. La técnica de recolección de información fue una entrevista semiestructurada y el instrumento una guía de entrevista; las preguntas estuvieron enfocadas en la sexualidad, los estereotipos, las percepciones sociales y las características de la adultez mayor. En el estudio participaron siete personas, tres hombres y cuatro mujeres, con un rango de edad entre 22 y 35 años. Los hallazgos revelan que la sexualidad continúa siendo un tema tabú, y en la vejez se piensa que no existe manifestación alguna de índole sexual, porque es indecente y de mal gusto. Sin embargo, la propuesta está en comprender que la sexualidad no es única y homogénea, sino que es influenciada por distintos factores, los cuales condicionan las múltiples representaciones que circundan en el imaginario colectivo y conforman subjetividades particulares.
Palabras clave: Creencias, estereotipos, percepciones sociales, sexualidad, vejez (Tesauro).
Stereotypes about sexuality in old age: a gender analysis
Abstract: The objective of this research was to analyze the stereotypes around sexuality in an elderly group of graduated students of the B.A. in Educational Psychology in a public university in Mexico City. A qualitative methodology was used with a comprehensive-interpretative approach. The data collection technique was a semi-structured interview and the instrument an interview guide; the questions focused on sexuality, stereotypes, social perceptions, and the characteristics of elderly. There were seven participants involved in this research, three men and four women, their ages ranged between 22 and 35 years. The findings show that sexuality remains a taboo subject, and it is thought that during old age there is no manifestation of a sexual nature, because it is indecent and inappropriate. However, this proposal aims to understand that sexuality is not unique nor homogeneous, instead it is influenced by different factors, which control multiple representations that surround the collective imagination and create particular subjectivities.
Keywords: Beliefs, stereotypes, social perceptions, sexuality, old age (Thesaurus).
Estereótipos sobre a sexualidade na idade adulta: uma análise a partir da perspectiva de gênero
Resumo: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar os estereótipos em torno à sexualidade na idade adulta de um grupo de graduados do Bacharelado em Psicologia Educativa de uma universidade pública da Cidade do México. Foi utilizada uma metodologia qualitativa com um enfoque compreensivo-interpretativo. A técnica de coleta da informação foi uma entrevista semiestruturada e o instrumento uma guia de entrevista; as perguntas estiveram focadas sobre a sexualidade, estereótipos, percepções sociais e características da idade adulta. Participaram do estudo sete pessoas, três homens e quatro mulheres, com idade entre 22 e 35 anos. Os achados revelam que a sexualidade continua sendo um assunto tabu, e na velhice pensa-se que não há manifestação de natureza sexual, por ser indecente e de mau gosto. No entanto, a proposta é compreender que a sexualidade não é única e homogênea, mas é influenciada por diferentes fatores, que condicionam as múltiplas representações que circundam o imaginário coletivo e constituem subjetividades particulares.
Palavras-chave: Crenças, estereótipos, percepções sociais, sexualidade, velhice (Tesauro).
The human is a sexual being and sexuality not only has a physical connotation, but it is a way of human interrelation; sexuality is linked to the ability of being, think, act and feel pleasure; sexual development begins before birth and, as such, remains throughout life until old age (Quevedo, 2013). Today, representations of the young body continue to be internalized as sexual attraction, we can take as an example the slender, slim silhouettes in women, taken as a prototype of a standard of beauty, in contrast to the physical appearance in old age, which is seen without any attraction and is even seen with repulsion. This causes older people to view their own bodies negatively and, at times, limit their sexual behavior, feeling unattractive and unable to arouse sexual desires in others (Cayo, Flores, Perea, Pizarro and Aracena, 2003).
Human sexual behavior is not the same in all people, not even in different places, because it is shaped by the culture and norms that are transmitted from generation to generation, additionally sex life is permeated by a learning process that takes place in the social context as well as the personal experiences. When talking about sexuality in old age, it is necessary to understand that sexuality and reproduction do not have a direct association, but instead, other elements coexist to address sexuality in old age (Esguerra, 2007). There is no biological determination either, that defines subjectivity, or social roles, emotions or feelings (Rodríguez, 2020).
Thus, it is society that assigns roles to men and women due to certain biological conditions, and it is from gender, that the meanings about social relations and identity processes organized around anatomical and physiological differences are made visible. This happens through the repetition of daily practices and behaviors (masculine or feminine), which come from a set of values, symbols and representations that reaffirm sexual differences and are configured in a specific time and place (Sánchez, 2011). In this sense, the purpose of the research is focused on analyzing the stereotypes around sexuality in an elderly group of graduated students of the BA in Educational Psychology of a public university in Mexico City.
Sexuality and sexual pleasure are denied in childhood and old age, because it is thought that they do not exist in those stages and both are reduced to human reproduction. Llanes (2013) mentions that attitudes of rejection persist and any manifestation of a sexual nature in old age, is ignored by the society. Prejudices towards sexuality in old age, fall in excessive generalizations and represent attitudes that are related to the negative feelings that people generate towards this population.
According to Hilton & Von Hippel (1996), stereotypes are socially perceived cognitive structures, whose function is to process information about the outside world, people, things, animals and situations. On the other hand, Lippmann (1922) points out that stereotypes are created by ideas and attitudes towards the characteristics of a certain social group or person, which allow the generation or creation of a mental representation deeply rooted in the human mind, to the extent that it is adopted as part of nature.
Ashmore & Del Boca (1981) established specific characteristics on the stereotypes, some worth mentioning are:
● Stereotypes are permanent and people who have them also have an undifferentiated and unchangeable point of view, even if they have information that suggests otherwise.
● They are popular beliefs.
● They are generalizations, beliefs, or ideas about a group of people.
It is assumed that stereotypes are constructions that simplify people's qualities, they tend to remain unchanged, and are shared among those within a social group (positive and negative effects), because they represent a specific type of cognitive scheme (Allport, 1954).
The elements that integrate the stereotypes are presented below, according to Walter Lippmann's approach (see Figure 1).
Figure 1. Components of the stereotypes.
Source: Adapted from Lippmann (1922) and Suria (2010).
For a long time, human sexuality has been mainly related to genitality, leaving aside its psychosocial aspects (Osborne & Guasch, 2003). According to Quiroz (2007), society relates this term to sexual intercourse, referring only to the sexual response of their body and not to the range of elements and aspects that integrate human sexuality.
The World Health Organization (WHO, 2002) states that sexuality is a central aspect of being a human, and it includes sex, identities, gender roles, sexual orientation, eroticism, pleasure, intimacy and reproduction. Sexuality not only comes from a biological impulse, but it also has a series of meanings that transform it into a dimension of human behavior and subjectivity, influenced by and subject to the action of culture throughout life (Cayo, Flores, Perea, Pizarro and Aracena, 2003).
Therefore, sexuality is influenced by the interaction of biological, psychological, social, economic, political, cultural, ethical, legal, historical, religious and spiritual factors (Hajjar and Kamel, 2003; Quiroz, 2007 and Rubio, 2014), and is a phenomenon that has been historically conditioned in each society (Pagola, 1999). Sexuality is a field of multidimensional analysis, which begins its cycle with the birth of a person (Eisler, 2000), continues in childhood (Freud, 1967) and adolescence, reaches its climax in early and late adulthood (Franco, 2009), and ends with the death of the individual (Cayo, Flores, Perea, Pizarro and Aracena, 2003). Sexuality changes at each stage and focuses on different aspects, keeping present the pleasure and enjoyment linked to it (Murillo and Rapso, 2007; Martín, Rentería and Sardiñas, 2009). The study of sexuality has been mainly focused on the reproduction of the human species from the Catholic approach (Lipp, 1991), from that perspective, sexual practice in old age is ignored and inappropriate.
The rejection of sexuality in old age is part of a culturally widespread and ingrained stereotype, which seeks to ridicule it and place it in an aberrant, ugly, weak, unhappy and impotent spectrum (González, Núñez, Hernández and Betancourt, 2005); furthermore, the idea of leaving sexual manifestations in the past as part of a memoir that only has room in the memory is widespread. In this regard, Martín, Rentería and Sardiñas (2009) mention that society has fed a series of myths and negative stereotypes about sexuality in old age, so social pressure aims to de-sexualize elders who are generally expected to live up to the idealized image of caring for grandchildren or monotone leisure, i.e., a passive age, where passions have no place because those who live them are often labeled as “viejo verde[5]”, dirty old men, or old goats.
From this perspective, the vigor of young men is considered lewd in old men and female passion takes on a crazy tone, becoming an old fool; these myths denigrate and reproduce the idea that there is no such thing as sexuality in old age, because they are asexual beings, devoid of desire and sex life and unfitted for it (Hammond, 1991; Montoro, 1998; Molina, 2000; Bozon, 2002; Victoria, 2004; Iacub, 2006 and Brenes, 2007). Society has adopted this vision and has sustained it as a fixed and immovable slogan, which is assumed without opposition (Mishara and Riedel, 1986).
According to various research (Kuhn, 1976; Hammond, 1991; Ramos and Gonzalez, 1994; Victoria, 2004; Nina Estrella, 2005 and Vazquez, 2006), sexuality in old age can be summarized in the following stereotypes:
- Sexuality is not important in old age.
- It is indecent and naff for old people to show sexual desires.
- Older adults do not have the physiological capacity to have sexual behaviors.
- Sexual activity is inappropriate for the elderly.
- Older people are not interested in sexual intercourse.
- Elders who are interested in sex are perverse, dirty old men, and pigs.
- Vicious old man; Shameless old woman.
- Sexual activity is no longer for older adults.
The methodology used in the research was qualitative (Taylor and Bogdan, 1987) with a comprehensive-interpretative approach (Ortiz, 1997), which aims to understand a reality from the meanings of human actions and social life; the technique was the semi-structured interview (Kvale, 2011) and the instrument was an interview guide; the questions were focused on sexuality, stereotypes, social perceptions and characteristics of old age.
The participants were seven graduates, three men and four women, with an age range between 22 and 35 years old, from a public university located in the south of Mexico City. The details of each participant are shown below (see Table 1).
Characteristics of the participants
Source: Own authorship.
The categories of analysis were taken from the components that comprise the stereotypes, according to Walter Lippmann's proposal (cognitive, emotional, and behavioral components) presented in the theoretical approach.
Category: Cognitive components
Sexuality, uh, well, the biological part it has to do with the characters, let's call it male, female and when it comes to the social part all these interactions that can take place between men, two men, two women or man-woman, with infinite pleasure. It also includes other things, for the time being, as equality of coitability; but in the broadest sense, it is like the self-knowledge of the person himself or herself, of their body, their taste, their attractions, the physical and the emotional part, a little further .
In the case of men, perhaps it is precisely because of these problems of erection, that arise now from the age of 30 or 40, why it is a little more complicated, but not in the case of women, in fact, in some magazines that I have read, obviously serious ones, well the eroticism of women increases with age (Jesus, personal communication, 2018).
Well it can be free, and everyone can exercise it at any time isn’t it? It has to do with gender, what defines you as a woman or a man, regardless of the sexual preference (Karen, personal communication, 2018).
Jesus and Karen's arguments show a lack of knowledge about sexuality, sex and gender; the explanations come from a range of beliefs and ideas about what they consider to be sexuality in old age. However, sexuality is a central aspect of being human and encompasses gender, pleasure, intimacy, and eroticism (Rubio, 1994 and WHO, 2002).
Uh, well, for me sexuality revolves around knowing, uh, your body, knowing yourself in terms of perception, emotional, uh, what you like and what uh, you are willing to allow in sexuality without transgressing your emotional side.
Of course, they have sexuality not because, uh, women have menopause, not because men have a hard time getting an erection or anything, this doesn't mean they don't have sexuality. Sexuality has a whole axis in relation to the body, it is not just sexual intercourse or achieving penetration, instead there are many ways of exercising sexuality, caresses, moments, enjoyment; I think sexuality, uh, permeates all our stages of life (Soraya, personal communication, 2018).
Well, then, sexuality is like a common practice among people who feel certain appreciation, call it love, if you want, right? well, but I also ask myself the same question, because there are people who have a sex life and not precisely because they love someone, right? It's like experiencing the feelings that this sensation produces, right? when they have a sexual relationship (Pablo, personal communication, 2018).
Soraya and Pablo think that sexuality in old age implies enjoyment and self-knowledge among people (Rubio, 2014); and according to Hajjar and Kamel (2003), sexuality is a driver for interpersonal relationships, self-concept and integrity.
Mmm, well, they can express it freely, it's like I was saying, many people see it as a disadvantage, right? towards an adult person or towards old age, but (...) it's when they don't worry about having children or not having any (in the case of women), Well, when it comes to men, well yes, because they can reproduce their whole life, but for women you live it [sexuality] more fully, because you don't have to use a condom or maybe you don't have to take pills to have a prenatal or birth control. (Jaqueline, personal communication, 2018).
Jaqueline mentions that sexuality in old age is a stage with greater fullness for those who live it, because they no longer worry about the use of condoms or getting pregnant, although she emphasizes that men can still have children unlike women. Again, there is an emphasis in those stereotypes which reveals great ignorance and prejudice.
Well, it's cool that they keep their sexuality, that they enjoy it, it doesn't matter if they are already grown ups, what matters is that they feel good about themselves and that they enjoy what they want (...), it doesn't end [sexuality], it's not just intercourse, there can be certain games or certain behaviors, well, I even feel that dancing is a sexual behavior, right? Or there are people who enjoy their sexuality in different ways, depending on their fetishes, right? (laughs) (Rodrigo, personal communication, 2018).
Rodrigo mentions that neither age nor life stage are important for exercising sexuality, it changes at each stage of the life cycle and acquires new meanings, it is not static (Murillo and Rapso, 2007; Martín, Rentería and Sardiñas, 2009).
Category: Emotional Components
Unfortunately, in my case, with my father's and mother's generations, there is a lot of taboo, because they are people who have very deep-rooted ways (...) Catholicism in Mexico is a predominant religion in this case, then, being conservative, the custom well, it is a very strong taboo in sexuality. However, I think that not everything is like that. Maybe my parents and my grandparents did not instill that in me, but some of my relatives instilled in me sexuality not as that taboo but as that enjoyment of the body, to experience your body, to know it because it is important to respect it (Soraya, personal communication, 2018).
Soraya's comments show the great influence of religious perspective on human sexuality, as a way of hiding and silencing any expression that implies enjoyment and self-knowledge of the body.
It would be nice to reach adulthood with a partner in a stable relationship and everything that comes with a relationship. Enjoyment and happiness, because it is also a physiological need and they have the right to continue with their sexual life (Karen, personal communication, 2018).
The emotion Karen expresses shows another way of understanding sexuality in old age.
Category: Behavioral Components
Well, I used to find it funny you know, sometimes to see older men in bars with young girls, right? buying them things and trying to hit on them, but now it's so normal for me to see them, and the same goes for older women.
I used to watch, I tried to see what was going on, but truth be told, it is already something normal in our society; back to what I was saying about women, some of them look good, they are still in a good shape though they are old, and that is cool! they should enjoy that, they should continue to have fun, there is more and more openness in society and nobody will tell them anything (Rodrigo, personal communication, 2018).
Before, I used to feel sorry for them, I used to see them [the older adults] and I would turn around and make faces of surprise, but now that I hung out more with my grandmother's friends, it's normal.
I used to see them in bars and I felt sorry for them. I don’t know, girls were just looking at older men because of their money, but this has changed since I’ve been spending time with my grandma’s friend. So, now it is something normal, some of them are so tender, as there are the dirty and the tender ones according to society, but we all have something from both groups, right? (Karla, personal communication, 2018).
Rodrigo and Karla are amazed at the way they think older people establish interpersonal relationships with people of other ages. After confirming what is different in the stereotype that the participants have, they modify it and establish another way of addressing this sector of the population.
Old age is not only a stage in life according to biological or chronological data, above all, it is a social and cultural construction that is shaped based on the society in which it is present (Sánchez, 2011). Throughout history and according to the context and time, each culture has created ways of being a woman and a man, ways of aging and expressing sexuality.
Hence, sexuality is usually a taboo subject, and even more so if it is experienced again in old age, since it is considered that older people are not fit to live it and much less to enjoy it as a young person would (Cerquera, Galvis y Cala, 2012). According to Herrera (2003), in Mexican society there is little knowledge about human sexuality. And when it comes to old age, the existence of sexual manifestations of any kind is denied, rejected and it is seen with contempt by a great part of the society (Llanes, 2013).
According to the findings of the research, the arguments of the participants show beliefs and misconceptions. They also show a series of negative stereotypes where they indicate that in old age there is not only a loss of capabilities, but also a lack of interest in sexual relations, they think that these capacities decline or disappear completely (Puijalon and Trincaz, 1999).
Likewise, beliefs are interwoven between the concepts of sex and gender, ideas coming from family or close experiences prevail, and they are disseminated in the day to day language of the different socialization groups. In Lippmann's words (1922), this is what is usually known as stereotypes; these have a strong effect on people's thinking, because they imply generalizations about the typical or predominant characteristics of those who integrate diverse social groups with certain particular traits.
Thus, the stereotypes expressed by the participant’s influence or determine the self-concept and self-image they have of themselves, as well as the expectations of people in general, according to Ballesteros (as quoted in Colom, 1999). The social representation of old age has much to do with the belief and value system of each culture.
Furthermore, it should be noted how the existing representations and what is expected of men and women also have repercussions on old age, starting from a heteronormative and patriarchal model established as unique and normal, which imposes mandates that are linked to education, the immediate context of the time and the religious discourse of Western cultures (Cremona, Oshimo and Torres, 2016). This system positions men and women with determined and unquestionable attributes, constitutes what is intended for a current social order, which is the normal thing that people are expected to do, without objection. Gender constructions are also prejudiced and both women and men are induced to hermetic roles, which condition their sexual behavior (Murgieri, 2011), as can be seen in the arguments of the young man and women who were interviewed.
Historically, sexuality has been placed in the conservative speeches linked to the Judeo-Christian thought, as a behavior whose only purpose is reproduction. It is known, however, that sexuality implies different dimensions and human expressions that include the affective, the sentimental and the relational aspects that follow the course of existence respecting the body and the particular aspects present in each stage of life (Llanes, 2013), the same ones that can transform the devalued image of sexuality in old age, to try to adopt a realistic vision about aging and to conceive this stage with a greater capability for dialog, creativity, with wisdom, romance, joy, passion, admiration, loyalty and love (Colom, 1999; Cerquera, Galvis and Cala, 2012). Old age is not the end of life and neither is it the end of sexuality.
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Traducción: Jacob Ortega Islas. Licenciado en Psicología por la UNAM, intérprete traductor inglés-español-inglés especializado en psicología, ciencias sociales y tecnologías. Contacto: jacobortegatraductor@gmail.com
[1] Article derived from the research project: Stereotypes on the sexuality of older adults in psychology students, endorsed and funded by the National Pedagogical University.
[2] PhD in Psychology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Professor, Universidad Pedagógica Nacional. ORCID: https://0000-0003-4994-6756. E-mail: jvillanueva@upn.mx. México City, México.
[3] Degree in Educational Psychology, Universidad Pedagógica Nacional. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2986- 9802. E-mail: a_cursocd15_gjimenez@g.upn.mx. México City, México.
[4] Magister in Educational Development, Universidad Pedagógica Nacional. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9207- 2460. E-mail: cihernandez@upn.mx. México City, México.
[5] Spanish expression to refer to an old men who throws dirty comments to women.